Cervical cancer rates in the United States have declined in recent decades, yet the NIH’s National Cancer Institute estimates that 13,820 patients will be diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 4,360 will die from the disease this year.

Cervical cancer forms in the tissues of the cervix—the organ connecting the uterus and vagina. It often develops slowly and without symptoms, but regular Pap tests can detect it early. Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Cervical cancer screenings are designed to detect precancerous cell changes that can be treated to prevent the disease. In some cases, screenings may also identify cervical cancer in its early stages. Early detection significantly improves the effectiveness of treatment. However, if symptoms develop, it often means the cancer has already spread, making treatment more challenging.

There are three primary screening options for cervical cancer:

• HPV Test: Detects the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types that can lead to cervical cancer.
• Pap Test (Pap Smear): Collects cervical cells to check for abnormalities caused by HPV, such as precancerous or cancerous changes. It can also detect non-cancerous conditions like infections or inflammation.
• HPV/Pap Co-Test: Combines the HPV test and Pap test to simultaneously screen for high-risk HPV and cervical cell changes.

From 2016 to 2020, an average of 1,958 HPV-associated cancer cases were diagnosed annually in Ohio. The HPV vaccine is a highly effective tool for preventing cervical cancer, as it protects against the HPV types responsible for most cases. Safe and proven to prevent more than 90% of HPV-associated cancers, the vaccine is recommended for routine administration at ages 11 or 12 and can be given as early as age 9.

While the HPV vaccine significantly lowers the risk of cervical cancer, regular screenings remain essential. Women aged 25 to 65 are advised to undergo a Pap test every three years or a primary HPV test every five years. Staying current with screenings is crucial for cervical cancer prevention, regardless of the test type.

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern, largely linked to persistent HPV infections. Early detection through screening is vital for prevention, yet traditional methods like pelvic exams deter some individuals from regular participation. To address this, researchers such as Dr. Leeya F. Pinder are exploring patient-centered innovations like self-collection kits. These kits improve access by enabling cervical cancer screenings in mobile healthcare units, clinics, and other public health facilities, expanding options for underserved populations.

The Self-collection for HPV Testing to Improve Cervical Cancer Prevention (SHIP) Trial, led by Dr. Pinder, investigates the use of self-collected vaginal samples for HPV testing in patients referred for colposcopy or cervical excisional procedures. HPV, a common virus, can lead to cervical cancer if infections persist. Despite the importance of early detection, many individuals avoid screenings that require pelvic exams, with over half of cervical cancer cases occurring in those who are inadequately screened.

Self-collection offers a more accessible and comfortable alternative, enabling individuals to collect samples at their convenience. The SHIP Trial evaluates the accuracy of HPV testing on self-collected samples compared to those collected by clinicians, aiming to enhance cervical cancer prevention and improve access to care.

Leeya F. Pinder, MD, MPH Member, Experimental Therapeutics Research Program University of Cincinnati Cancer Center Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine